Muslim conquests
While in the south there were Indian dynasties, and in the north, Buddhism was on the decline, from the Middle East, Muslim power was approaching India. Already one hundred years after the death of the Prophet Muhammad, the first Arab invasions into the provinces of Sind and Gujarat took place. The power of the followers of Islam took its toll on the subcontinent with the invasions of Mahmoud of Ghazni. Today, Ghazni is just a dirty town between Kabul and Kandahar in Afghanistan, but starting with 1001 r. it was from there that Mahmud made his regular expeditions. The troops were breaking into India, destroying temples and ravaging the country. W 1033 r., after Mahmoud's death, one of his successors won Benares. Invasions ceased in 1038 r., when the Ghazni were occupied by the Seljuk Turks. Initially, the attacks took the form of plundering expeditions. Only in 1192 r., as Islam grew stronger, Muhammad Ghori extended his reign to Punjab and penetrated deep into India as well, taking Adjmir (Ajmer). A year later, his commander Kutab addin Ajbak captured Benares and Delhi, and after the death of Muhammad, he became the first sultan of Delhi. After twenty years, Muslims already controlled the entire Ganges basin. The power of the sultans was not permanent and the boundaries of Muslim rule were often changed, depending on the talents and strength of individual rulers. W 1297 r. Ala Addin Khaldji extended the borders of Muslim rule south as far as Gujarat. One of his commanders followed, but he was unable to hold the captured territory. W1328 r. Muhammad Tughlak tried to briefly move the capital from Delhi to Daulatabad near Aurangabad in Maharashtra. Soon after, when the kingdom of the Bahmanids arose, the sultan of Delhi began to lose influence, a w 1398 r. clearly weakened as a result of Timur's invasion (In Tamerlane) from Samarkand. From then on, Muslim influence gradually diminished, until they were completely pushed out by the Mughals. Muhammad's followers differed from previous invaders. They kept their religious identity, and contempt, with which they treated Hindu worship objects, it prevented them from being absorbed into the religious and social structures of India. Nevertheless, Hinduism survived this difficult period, on the other hand, Islam did not find too many adherents in India. At the beginning of XX. w., correct 800 years of Muslim domination, Islam was professed by approx. 25% Indians. Muslims could not rule the country without the help of the Hindus, who were often employed in the state administration. As a result of these interrelationships, the Urdu language was born, being a mixture of Persian, Hindi and Arabic. It is spoken by the inhabitants of much of northern India and Pakistan.
The history of the south of the country (continued)
During this period, too, the history of the south followed a separate course. As with the expansion of the Aryans, the first Muslim conquests had no effect on the situation in this area. In years 1000-1300 the most successful was the state of the Hojsals, whose main centers were in Belura, Dorasamudrze (Tail bite) i Somnathpurze. However, in 1328 r. it collapsed as a result of the attack of Muhammad Tughlak and the united Indian states, hostile to the Hojsalom. Two great states, one Muslim, developed in the area of what is now Kar-nataka, second Hindu. Widźajanagar State (Vijayanagar) was founded in 1336 r.; Hampi was proclaimed the capital. It was probably the strongest Indian state during the rule of Muslims in the north of the country. At the same time there was also the Bahma-nid kingdom, which in 1489 r. it broke up into five countries with capitals in Berara, Ahmad-nagarze, Bijapura (Bijapur), Golkondzie and Ahmadabadzie. W 1520 r. Bijapur captured Vijayanagar, but in 1565 r. the combined forces of the enemies of this country defeated them in the battle of the doll. Later the Bahmanid kingdoms came under Mughal rule.